近期来自瑞士洛桑联邦理工学院实验癌症研究所(ISREC)的一个研究小组首次密切观察了这些转移瘤自身的形成过程,而非如以前一般仅聚焦于它们起源的原 发性肿瘤。研究人员发现了一个在转移瘤形成中起关键性作用的蛋白,并证实阻断该蛋白可以有效抑制继发性肿瘤的形成。新研究发现为治疗晚期癌症打开了新的治 疗方案之门。相关研究成果在线发表在《自然》(Nature)杂志上。
众所周知,恶性肿瘤一旦形成,就会很快将癌细胞广泛扩散至全身各处。这些癌细胞并不总是会导致继发性肿瘤形成,研究表明所有的癌细胞并非是完全相同的:其中只有一小部分称为“癌症干细胞”的细胞才能启动肿瘤转移。为此,它们必须首先在一个有利于它们形成的地方(微环境,niche)中安营扎寨。
瑞士实验癌症研究所的研究人员证实有几个是癌症扩散必不可少的条件。“值得关注的是,我们从转移瘤形成的微环境中分离出了一种称为 periostin的蛋白,”瑞士洛桑联邦理工学院肿瘤形成信号转导项目负责人Joerg Huelsken说:“我们证实缺失该蛋白,癌症干细胞不仅无法启动转移,反之会导致它们消失或维持休眠状态。”
Periostin蛋白在生理条件下是细胞外基质的组成成分,且在胚胎发育中发挥重要作用。在成人体内,Periostin蛋白仅在一些特定的器官例如乳腺、骨骼、皮肤和肠中活性表达。新研究证实Periostin有可能在癌症干细胞启动肿瘤转移所必需的微环境中发挥了至关重要的作用。实验结果表明缺失Periostin蛋白的小鼠能够抵抗转移瘤形成。“我们开发出了一种可结合到Periostin蛋白上的抗体,这种抗体能够使得 Periostin蛋白丧失功能。我们希望通过这种方法能够阻断转移瘤的形成。”Huelsken.说。
实验结果表明阻断periostin蛋白仅会对小鼠产生非常轻微的副作用。“但这并不一定意味着在人类身上也能获得相同的结果,”研究人员谨慎地表示:“我们甚至还不肯定能否找到能在人体中发挥同等效应的抗体。”
尽管如此,新研究发现仍然是非常鼓舞人心的,特别是因为我们知道恶性肿瘤扩散远比人们之前所想的还要快得多。能够阻断转移瘤的形成似乎是限制癌症有害效应的一个重要的治疗选择。
原文摘要
Interactions between cancer stem cells and their niche govern metastatic colonization
Metastatic growth in distant organs is the major cause of cancer mortality. The development of metastasis is a multistage process with several rate-limiting steps1. Although dissemination of tumour cells seems to be an early and frequent event2, the successful initiation of metastatic growth, a process termed ‘metastatic colonization’, is inefficient for many cancer types and is accomplished only by a minority of cancer cells that reach distant sites3, 4. Prevalent target sites are characteristic of many tumour entities5, suggesting that inadequate support by distant tissues contributes to the inefficiency of the metastatic process. Here we show that a small population of cancer stem cells is critical for metastatic colonization, that is, the initial expansion of cancer cells at the secondary site, and that stromal niche signals are crucial to this expansion process. We find that periostin (POSTN), a component of the extracellular matrix, is expressed by fibroblasts in the normal tissue and in the stroma of the primary tumour. Infiltrating tumour cells need to induce stromal POSTN expression in the secondary target organ (in this case lung) to initiate colonization. POSTN is required to allow cancer stem cell maintenance, and blocking its function prevents metastasis. POSTN recruits Wnt ligands and thereby increases Wnt signalling in cancer stem cells. We suggest that the education of stromal cells by infiltrating tumour cells is an important step in metastatic colonization and that preventing de novo niche formation may be a novel strategy for the treatment of metastatic disease.